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Description: cooling, soothing
Affinity For: digestive system, brain function
Effects: nervine, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, general tonic
Properties and Uses: Calamus essential oil has been classified as belonging to the Araceae family, but recent studies have led to the conclusion that it should be placed in its own family. Although not all experts agree, many now list calamus as belonging to the Acoraceae family which is composed of a single genus called Acorus. Only Acorus calamus and one or two other species of Acorus are included in the genus. It is claimed that calamus will keep people young and improve their overall health. This oil is new to the market and it is very strong, so care should be taken with its use.
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Description: are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants
Affinity For: digestive and immune systems
Effects: warming
Properties and Uses: antibiotic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities
Garlic oil should be used with extreme caution and always diluted very well!
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Description: shrubs, trees, climbers, fragrant flowers (mostly tropical)
Affinity For: adrenals, thymus, nerves, extreme states of fire and water meridians
Effects: sedative to the nerves, balancing, antidepressant
Properties and Uses: antiseptic, aphrodisiac, nervine, sedative
Description: Plants of the Air Element (#0)—Central and Governing Meridian
Affinity For: digestive, respiratory, and endocrine systems
Effects: elimination or excretion from cells or systems, calming
Properties and Uses: expectorant, tonic, antioxidant, diuretic, regenerative
The plants belonging to this species feature sizable, hollow, and airy cavities within their stems, seeds, and roots. Their essential oils are particularly beneficial for the respiratory system, the digestive tract, and the glandular system. These oils are recognized for their remarkable ability to promote tissue regeneration. This is particularly evident in cumin, fennel, celery, and parsley, all of which come from seeds. Each of these plants serves as a unique herbal remedy, and the essential oils extracted from them are closely linked to specific organs or systems in the body.
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Description: small in size: it reaches a maximum size of 3-4 meters
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Properties and Uses: diuretic , tonic , anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic properties on the muscles of the urinary tract, and decongestants of the prostatic tissue.
Serenoa repens helps lower the production of 5-alpha-reductase, an enzyme that plays a role in creating dihydrotestosterone, an androgen hormone. When this hormone is in excess, it can lead to benign prostatic hypertrophy, hair loss, and acne breakouts. Serenoa is often chosen for supporting male urinary tract health, addressing benign prostatic hypertrophy, and alleviating bladder irritation while promoting relaxation of bladder tissue. It is particularly beneficial for those experiencing difficulties with urination, including slow and painful episodes due to benign prostate hypertrophy. Additionally, it can serve as a helpful supplement to mitigate the adverse effects that high levels of androgen hormones can have on hair follicles, potentially preventing androgenetic alopecia.
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Description: largest family of flowering plants, flowers are usually yellow
Affinity For: digestive, urinary, and nervous systems, tissues, skin
Effects: structural alignment, regenerative, adaptive, soothing (Because of the tremendous variety of plants within this family, there is a wide range of therapeutic properties and not all plants in this family are healing.)
Properties and Uses: This diverse and well-organized family is viewed in Eastern philosophy as a means to enhance the spiritual dimensions of one’s aspirations and the overall organization of life and purpose, alongside supporting the physical form. Comprising the largest botanical family, these plants thrive abundantly across the globe, from coastal areas to mountain peaks, and from arid deserts to lush wetlands. They seem to flourish in open environments and have a strong desire for sunlight. Reflecting the variety of the plants, the therapeutic benefits of this family are equally diverse; there appears to be a specific plant and essential oil that resonates with every organ or system in the body. Categorizing this extensive family is quite challenging, but it’s noteworthy that regardless of which element or organ a particular oil aligns with, it is the yin aspect of that element that receives the most benefit. The overarching theme of this family, along with the effects of the essential oils, is to restore perfect balance and harmony to both the body and the spirit.
Description: shrubs, trees
Affinity For: muscles, joints, nerves, urinary and lymphatic systems
Effects: lymph draining, pain relief
Properties and Uses: analgesic (strongly), anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, lymphatic decongestant, diuretic, purifying
Birch is the only oil from this group that is produced in significant quantities. Although wintergreen oil comes from a completely different botanical family, it shares similarities with birch in terms of its constituents, even though the levels of these components can differ quite a bit.
Both birch and wintergreen, despite being from distinct plant species, have high concentrations of methyl salicylate. Many so-called “experts” label this compound as toxic, which is simply not true when it comes from a natural plant source rather than a synthetic one. For more details on the safety of oils containing methyl salicylate, please refer to the General Information section about birch essential oil on page 111 of this booklet. There are numerous myths and inaccuracies circulating. If the essential oil is derived from real plants without any added synthetic methyl salicylate, both birch and wintergreen are perfectly safe to use.
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Description: resinous tropical timber trees
Affinity For: respiratory system, particularly secretions; emotional balance
Effects: cooling, drying, fortifying
Properties and Uses: anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiseptic, cytophylactic, expectorant, tonic
This family is recognized as dry fire within the eastern tradition. The oils from this group are beneficial for all meridians. Myrrh is particularly aligned with the metal element (#4), while frankincense and palo santo excel at anchoring our energies to the more tangible, earthly aspects of life (element #5).
These botanicals thrive in desert and tropical regions, enduring some of the harshest climates imaginable. The intense sunlight in these areas contributes to the drying effects of these oils, making them effective against congestive issues like bronchitis, coughs, and pleurisy, while also providing a cooling effect during fevers. They are particularly valuable for conditions involving excessive secretion and inflammation.
Life in the desert is tough and elemental, requiring immense strength to survive and thrive. This resilience is mirrored in the emotional healing properties of these oils, which offer comfort and solace to the spirit, encouraging us to tap into our own inner strength. For centuries, myrrh, frankincense, and palo santo have played significant roles in religious rituals.
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Valerianaceae
Description: herbal, roots are often used medicinally
Affinity For: nervous and immune systems
Effects: calming
Properties and Uses: antiseptic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, calmative, sedative, analgesic
Oils from this group are soothing and supportive for the nervous system. They positively influence the root and base chakras, making them beneficial for digestive and reproductive concerns. These oils assist in addressing our emotional needs by alleviating the fears associated with the root and base chakras. This allows us to perceive more clearly and embrace the kindness, love, and respect offered by those around us.
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Description: low, herbaceous shrub
Affinity For: lymphatic, urinary, respiratory, immune systems, nerves, skin
Effects: calming, fortifying, healing
Properties and Uses: ntiseptic, astringent, diuretic, expectorant
This small group of plants is remarkable for its quick recovery after wildfires have ravaged its environment. This resilience is mirrored in cistus essential oil, the only widely produced oil from this plant family, which can help us heal and reconnect emotionally following traumatic experiences or losses. Traditionally, cistus has been used to treat wounds, abrasions, and boils, as well as skin issues like psoriasis and eczema. Ancient texts specifically mention cistus, and it is thought to be the "rose of Sharon" mentioned in the Bible.
Description: conifer cypress family
Affinity For: endocrine, nervous, and respiratory systems, hormone balance
Effects: reviving, tonic, warming, restorative
Properties and Uses: anti-arthritic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, diuretic, expectorant, mucolytic, nervine
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Description: shrubs and small trees with leathery evergreen leaves
Affinity For: cardiovascular, digestive, and immune systems, ligaments, bones
Effects: detoxifying, pain relief
Properties and Uses: cytophylactic, antispasmodic, hepatic (acts on the liver), choloagogue (flow of bile, digestion of fats), immunostimulant, tonic, hypotensive
A new essential oil has arrived from Nepal, known as anthopogon. This oil is truly exceptional, with studies supporting its claims as an immune booster and potential anti-cancer agent. The overarching theme of this oil family revolves around enhancing resistance to diseases and environmental toxins while boosting overall vitality. This effect may be linked to its connection with the base and crown chakras, seemingly fortifying the energetic pathways between them and facilitating energy flow throughout the body. Oils from this family are rich in sesquiterpenes, which assist in breaking down fat in the liver, and they provide strong support for the fire element, particularly in meridians #5 and #6.
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Description: third largest family of flowering plants on our planet with nearly 20,000 species
Affinity For: digestive and respiratory systems
Effects: cooling
Properties and Uses: anti-inflammatory, cicatrisant (wound healing), corticosteriod, emollient, expectorant, antiseptic, sudorific
Numerous species in this group hold significant nutritional, therapeutic, and economic value for humanity. This family boasts a wide array of medicinal plants, showcasing remarkable structural diversity among those used to extract essential oils. This diversity contributes to the varying therapeutic benefits of these oils. They are rich in essential nutrients like iron, silicon, sodium, and thiamine. It's important to note that you don't have to consume essential oils to enjoy their nutritional advantages—in fact, I highly advise against ingesting them, particularly these specific oils!
Description: herbs and low shrubs
Affinity For: digestive, urinary, endocrine, lymphatic systems, hormones, nerves, skin
Effects: balancing—nerves and endocrine system especially
Properties and Uses: astringent, antiseptic, antidepressant, diuretic, regenerative, antispasmodic, hemostatic, cicatrisant (wound healing), cytophylactic (tissue rebuilding), styptic, vulnerary, vermifuge
Geraniums have been developed into numerous sub-species, allowing for the creation of a diverse range of chemotypes. Some geranium oils can mimic the intense heat found in plants that contain thymols. These plants are highly adaptable and exhibit the expected immunostimulant qualities that come with such adaptability. The oils derived from geraniums possess astringent and diuretic properties, making them beneficial for conditions like diabetes, kidney stones, wounds, and burn treatment. Emotionally, they are often used to help alleviate depression and manage stress. Geraniums are particularly connected to the heart and triple warmer meridians, which represent the yang aspects of elements #5 and #6.
There are five genera in the Geraniaceae family. Of these, only the genus Pelargonium (‘stork’s bill’) and the genus Geranium (‘crane’s bill’) are essential oil producers. The term ‘geranium’ is commonly used to refer to both Pelargonium and Geranium, and it is in fact the Pelargonium species that are cultivated to produce ‘geranium’ essential oil. The only species of the genus Geranium that is grown for essential oil production is Geranium macrorrhizum, the essential oil from which is known as zdravetz oil (Brud and Ogyanov 1995). Geranium oil will contain, as major constituents, the alcohols citronellol, geraniol and linalool (55–65%), esters (15%) and ketones such as iso-menthone (1–8%) (Price and Price 2007) and because of variability, the proportions of each of these affect the aroma (Weiss 1997). Aldehydes (neral, geranial and citronellal) up to 10 per cent are found in the Bourbon variety (Price and Price 2007). Price and Price (2007) also state that oxides are only found in the Chinese variety.
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Properties and Uses: The Hypericum L. genus, part of the Hypericaceae family, comprises over 500 species found across the globe, organized into 36 taxonomic sections. Historical records indicate that figures like Hippocrates and Dioscorides utilized Hypericum as far back as classical antiquity, with its use continuing into the Medieval period by Nikolaos Myrepsos. Notably, various species of Hypericum are employed in traditional medicine worldwide for their astringent, febrifuge, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and mood-enhancing properties. During the 18th and 19th centuries, physicians in Europe and America prescribed Hypericum to address a range of ailments, including headaches, bedwetting, burns, puncture wounds, dizziness, excessive sweating, melancholy, and paranoia.
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Properties and Uses: The iris family includes herbaceous perennial plants that grow from bulbs, corms, or rhizomes and can be found all over the globe. Notable cultivated varieties within this family are swordfish (Gladiolus L.), iris (Iris), and crocus (Crocus L.), which are valued as ornamental plants. One interesting product derived from certain irises, particularly the German iris (Iris x germanica L.), is orris oil. This essential oil, extracted from the rhizomes, is commonly used in perfumes, soaps, powders, and body lotions. Fresh rhizomes typically lack a strong scent, but after being dried and stored in a cool, dry place for 3-5 years, they develop a delightful floral and sweet aroma. This oil is prized not only for its own fragrance but also for its ability to enhance and complement other scents. Additionally, saffron, known as the most expensive spice in the world, is harvested from the crocus species Crocus sativus L. and is used for culinary coloring, flavoring, and medicinal purposes.
Description: largest oil producing family—oils are usually non-toxic, non-hazardous; herbs, low shrubs
Affinity For: digestive and respiratory systems
Effects: calming, strengthening, toning, and a wide variety of others according to the specific plant
Properties and Uses: antiseptic, diuretic, expectorant, emmenagogue, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, digestive, expectorant, febrifuge, hypertensive, nervine, antiviral, both sedative and stimulants, antidepressant, aphrodisiac (some), nervine, tissue regenerative
Labiatae plants are known for their warming effects on both the body and mind. Each plant in this family helps balance yang energy. They are linked to specific elements or meridians. Many labiatae plants have recognized healing properties used by various cultures worldwide. Additionally, many are culinary herbs, highlighting their benefits for digestion, metabolism, respiration, and blood health. This family does not include any dull or sedative oils. These plants are adaptable to environmental changes, showing their ability to boost the immune system. They are often used to address weakness and enhance vitality in organs and body systems. Essential oils from this family can be helpful for anemia, digestive issues, respiratory problems, and diabetes. Healers frequently use them, especially for those sensitive to their surroundings and others' energies. All members of the labiatae family balance yang energy.
Mints, subspecies of Labiatae
Description: rhizomatous perennial herbaceous subspecies of the Labiatae family
Affinity For: : digestive and respiratory systems, metabolism, teeth and gums, nerves
Effects: warming and cooling
Properties and Uses: antiseptic, cytophylactic, decongestant, antifungal, antidepressant, nervine, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, stimulant, calmative. Other common uses include confusion, mental and physical fatigue, pain, digestive problems, motion sickness, poor circulation, nerve regeneration, and loss of memory.
Members of the mint family, whether as herbs or essential oils, have a unique ability to be both warming and cooling. They can stimulate and energize or provide a calming and pain-relieving effect. The impact of these oils and herbs depends on how much is used and how often they are applied. A small amount can soothe and relax, while larger amounts can invigorate and energize. Peppermint is commonly used by long-distance truck drivers and others to help them stay alert and awake, and it is effective.
When applied to the skin, mints can ease pain by boosting circulation and promoting healing in the area, while also acting as a pain reliever. In eastern practices, boosting circulation is seen as a warming effect, while pain relief is viewed as cooling. There are around 20 types of mint, but only a few are currently used as essential oils.
Description: trees and shrubs with evergreen leaves and aromatic oils
Affinity For: cardiovascular, circulatory, immune, lymphatic, and nervous systems, hormones, skin
Effects: warming, stimulating, regulating, regenerating
Properties and Uses: antifungal, antiviral, antibiotic, analgesic, antiseptic, relaxant, immune tonic, antidepressant, aphrodisiac, analgesic
Cinnamon and rosewood, while belonging to the same botanical family, are quite different in many ways beyond just their scents. Cinnamon is one of the oldest known spices, celebrated for its medicinal benefits for centuries. Its oil is known to stimulate circulation, heart, and lung functions. In contrast, rosewood may not boast dramatic healing abilities, but its gentleness should not be underestimated. Instead of being harsh on the skin and mucous membranes, rosewood is appreciated for its ability to promote tissue regeneration and is even believed to help slow down the aging process when used on the skin. Although the plants in this family vary significantly, they all share a common trait: antifungal properties.
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Properties and Uses: Essential oils extracted from the leaves and fruits of Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae) were examined for their chemical composition using GC-MS analysis. The primary constituents identified in the oils include 1,8-cineole (58.6% in leaves and 41.2% in fruits), α-pinene (18.2% in leaves and 28.3% in fruits), and p-cymene (14.7% in leaves and 9.1% in fruits).
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Properties and Uses: Magnolias have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. The Magnolia genus is rich in compounds such as lignans and sesquiterpene lactones, along with several key biomolecules. Various parts of the M. champaca plant have been utilized to address a range of ailments. For instance, the stem bark is traditionally employed to treat eye issues, reduce inflammation, and serve as an antidote for scorpion and snake bites, as well as for coughs and gonorrhea. Additionally, it is frequently used in traditional remedies for stomach ulcers and as a diuretic.
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Properties and Uses: Members of the Malvaceae family can be found all over the globe, particularly thriving in tropical areas. According to the APG III classification from 2009, this family typically includes hermaphroditic plants, though some may be monoecious or polygamous, and they can take the form of trees, shrubs, or herbs. Many of these plants are characterized by either star-shaped hairs or shield-like scales. Research has highlighted various traditional uses of these plant species, particularly in treating conditions such as asthma, abscesses, anthelmintic issues, astringent needs, bronchitis, bedsores, cancer, coughs, diuretic effects, diarrhea, dysentery, eczema, earaches, headaches, inflammations, jaundice, kidney ailments, leprosy, paralysis, skin disorders, scabies, toothaches, ulcers, ringworm, and more.
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Properties and Uses: Meliaceae, known as the mahogany family, is a group of flowering plants within the order Sapindales. This family includes 51 genera and around 575 species, primarily consisting of trees and occasionally shrubs, found in tropical and subtropical areas. Many species feature large, compound leaves that resemble feathers, with leaflets arranged in a feathery pattern, and they often produce branched clusters of flowers. The fruits can be either fleshy and colorful or leathery capsules. One notable member of this family is Azadirachta indica, commonly referred to as neem, which has been utilized for its medicinal properties globally. Extracts from neem have been associated with various antifertility effects, such as lowering serum testosterone and LH levels, inhibiting folliculogenesis, and exhibiting immunocontraceptive properties.
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Properties and Uses: Boldo leaves, derived from the plant Peumus boldus Molina (also known as Boldu boldus and Boldea fragrans), are primarily recognized and utilized in South America. The essential oil extracted from these leaves contains ascaridol, a unique monoterpene peroxide that has an unpleasant odor and is rarely found in other plants. According to a US monograph, boldo can enhance urine production by 50%, supporting its traditional role as a diuretic (Taylor, 2004; Katzer, 1998a). Additionally, an ethanol extract of the leaves has demonstrated protective effects on the liver in mice, safeguarding against chemical damage. This extract also helps to relax smooth muscle tissue and extends the time food spends in the intestines.
Description: produces a watery, blood-like exudate, found throughout the tropics
Affinity For: digestive, nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, joints, muscles
Effects: emotionally stabilizing, warming, stimulating
Properties and Uses: antiseptic, antiparasitic, cerebral, and circulatory stimulant
One of the most remarkable traits of this family is their emotional stability and heightened energy levels. I'm really fascinated by the potential symbolism of the blood-like exudate. Could it represent death and a rebirth into a new and improved existence? This seems to relate to the revival of a once-lost passion for life and the relief from burdens that embodies the emotional qualities of nutmeg essential oil.
Description: An interesting detail about the plants and trees in this family is that, although there are no gentle plants, there are also no toxic ones. This varied family includes plants with very hard wood, tough leaves, bright flowers, and some that bear sweet fruits or strong spices.
Affinity For: respiratory, digestive, lymphatic, urinary, and immune systems
Effects: balances all elements (earth, air, fire, water, and the metals and woods that spring from them), warming, toning, stimulating
Properties and Uses: antiseptic, strongly antiviral, analgesic, antispasmodic, expectorant, antifungal, antiparasitic, neuralgic, sedative, strengthens and balances energy
This family of plants is traditionally believed to create harmony among all the meridians, elements, and chakras. Known for their healing properties, these plants thrive in every tropical region across the globe, adapting to the intense forces of earth, water, and heat. Just like the resilience of the plants, the essential oils they produce are robust and aromatic.
The myrtaceae family plays a significant role in metabolism, energy centers (Chakras), meridians, and lung health. They are particularly beneficial for respiratory issues, metabolic or energy imbalances, and enhancing our overall resistance to illness.
Each essential oil from this family boasts its own distinct scent and therapeutic benefits, making it surprising that they all belong to the same group. Eucalyptus, for instance, is celebrated in Australia and beyond for its remarkable versatility, often considered a universal remedy. Interestingly, many essential oils from this family become even more antiseptic and therapeutic as they mature.
Description: The Nelumbonaceae family was previously classified as a subfamily (Nelumboideae) within the Nymphaeaceae. This family includes two species, which are found in regions ranging from eastern North America to northern South America (N. lutea) and from Asia to northern Australia (N. nucifera). In total, the Nelumbonaceae consists of just these two species: N. nucifera and N. lutea.
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Properties and Uses: The Water-Lily family, known scientifically as Nymphaeaceae, includes about 5 to 6 genera and between 60 to 95 species. These plants are found all over the globe. Some species are valued for their edible rhizomes and seeds, while others are popular as ornamental plants, particularly Nuphar (cow-lily), Nymphaea (water-lily), and Victoria (giant water-lily). The Victoria is notable for its large, floating leaves that have distinctive upturned, ridged edges. Nelumbo nucifera, a member of the Nymphaeaceae family, is commonly used as a vegetable and in traditional herbal medicine. It is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, hemostatic, and sedative properties, suggesting potential effects on the central nervous system (Du et al., 2012).
Description: varied trees or shrubs
Affinity For: respiratory and endocrine systems, hormone balance
Effects: calming, soothing, uplifting
Properties and Uses: antidepressant, stimulant, aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, sedative; use for anxiety, depression, sexual dysfuntion, stress
The focus of this family appears to revolve around harnessing your inner strength and natural abilities to propel yourself into new paths and achieve your long-desired dreams and aspirations. This group of plants features numerous species celebrated for their rich scents. It also encompasses the olive tree and other plants known for their durable wood.
Description: second largest family of flowering plants
Affinity For: immune system, hormone balance, nerves
Effects: calming, uplifting
Properties and Uses: This family may be quite extensive, but vanilla stands out as the only essential oil that is widely utilized. The overarching theme here appears to be a sense of optimism and assurance about what lies ahead.
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Properties and Uses: Lichens are fascinating organisms formed by the partnership between fungi and a photosynthetic partner, which can be either green algae or cyanobacteria. The term "lichen" is derived from their fungal elements, and there are approximately 18,000 known species of lichens. In a study of E. prunastri, researchers identified 32 different compounds that make up 93.64% of the oil content. Lichens and their metabolites exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antipyretic, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antibiotic, allergenic, plant growth inhibitory, antiherbivore, ecological, enzyme inhibitory, and analgesic properties.
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Properties and Uses: Various phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, have been identified among the secondary metabolites of the Passifloraceae family, which are linked to antioxidant properties. The therapeutic benefits associated with this family—such as pain relief, muscle relaxation, and other applications—support the potential use of these plants in the cosmetic, food, and medicinal sectors.
Description: conifers with male and female cones
Affinity For: nervous, respiratory, and endocrine systems, hormone balance, oxygenating
Effects: reviving, tonic, warming, restorative
Properties and Uses: antiseptic, calming, tonic, restorative, reviving, warming
Members of the coniferae class of plants all have an affinity for the central and governing meridian, referred to as the Air Element (#0). In the eastern tradition they are considered to bring light and inner warmth. This botanical class is imposing in its simplicity; everything is structured around the central vertical trunk.
Conifers are noted for their longevity. A coniferous forest shelters and protects its creatures and appears immortal and eternal. An outstanding characteristic of conifers is their ability to maintain their foliage through cold winters. They possess an inner fire and stability which is indicative of their therapeutic uses. Conifer oils give a feeling of protection and safety.,br>
One of their major influences in the body is on the nervous system, and they are especially effective when taken in through the lungs. Interestingly, conifer oils are often used for arthritis.
Description: the pepper family consists of small trees and shrubs and some climbers
Affinity For: cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems, muscles
Effects: warming, heating, stimulating, drying, tonic
Properties and Uses: analgesic, antiseptic, expectorant, febrifuge, digestive, rubefacient, diurectic, laxative, muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, circulatory stimulant
There are more than 3,000 species in the pepper family, but only Piper nigrum is utilized for essential oil production. The variations between green pepper and black pepper essential oils stem from their different harvest times. Both types are invigorating and help to balance yang energies, especially those related to the heart. Piper nigrum focuses on the fundamental issues of feeling empowered enough to extend kindness and positively impact the lives of others.
Description: nutritious grasses, used for food and as ground covers
Affinity For: cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, urinary, and digestive systems, skin
Effects: air purifier, calming, hydrating, refreshing, sedative
Properties and Uses: air purifier, antiseptic, nervine, digestive tonic
Most of the plants classified as ground covers or grasses are part of the Graminae family. This family is recognized in herbal medicine and Eastern traditions as a source of nutrition. Spanning from the poles to the equator and thriving in environments ranging from swamps to deserts, Graminae exhibits remarkable adaptability and diversity. Its ability to rapidly cover large areas showcases its resilience, supported by robust root systems that create a complex network to efficiently absorb and utilize nutrients from the surrounding soil.
While this family doesn't invest much energy in producing flowers, its leaves and seeds provide valuable resources for wildlife. The essential oils extracted from these plants offer grounding, strength, and nourishment. Although they may have few flowers, the plants in this family are known for their unique fragrances, often evoking the scent of freshly cut hay, along with fresh, green, lemony, and slightly rosy notes. These aromatic nuances can become quite pronounced in concentrated essential oils. The oils from this family are utilized for stimulating digestion, acting as diuretics, disinfecting, and controlling pests and parasites.
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Properties and Uses: The Ranunculaceae family is a diverse group of plants found all over the world, comprising around 2,500 species that range from annual and perennial herbs to shrubs and woody climbers. Many species within this family have played a crucial role in traditional herbal remedies, particularly in ancient practices like Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. A series of experiments demonstrated that four different extraction methods significantly affected the antimicrobial properties and chemical makeup of N. sativa seed essential oil, with thymoquinone identified as the key component responsible for its antimicrobial effects. Additionally, further experiments highlighted the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits of this compound.
Description: trees, shrubs, herbs, and some edible fruits—such as almond
Affinity For: cardiovascular, digestive, genito-urinary, and nervous system, heart charka, yin energy
Effects: uplifting, toning
Properties and Uses: aphrodisiac, antiseptic, stimulant, emollient, nervine, cytophylactic, hemostatic
Rose essential oil boasts the highest frequency among all essential oils. The conditions in which the roses are grown and the specific varieties used can significantly influence the final product. Due to the high cost of production, rose essential oil is often diluted or mixed with other substances, which diminishes its natural frequency and therapeutic properties. It's far more beneficial to invest in a small amount of pure rose oil and use it judiciously. Typically, just a single drop of rose oil mixed with a carrier is sufficient for most uses. The unique frequency and remarkable volatility of rose oil make its scent incredibly therapeutic. This oil is particularly beneficial for the female reproductive system and the heart chakra, as its elevated frequency enhances the overall vibrational state of the body.
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Properties and Uses: The oil contained several key components, with butylated hydroxy being the most prevalent at 65.83%, followed by 1,2-benzenedicarboxilic acid at 7.28%, phenylethyl alcohol at 1.69%, and 2,3-isopropylidene-6-decoxyhexo at 1.63%. Both the essential oil and ethanol extract were tested for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, showing effectiveness in both areas. The findings of this study highlight the importance of isolating volatile oil from C. Arabica coffee husk, which is a significant industrial byproduct, and identifying its various constituents. Additionally, the study explored the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant capabilities of the isolated oil and ethanol extract from C. Arabica husk, as well as its potential benefits in treating infection-related diseases.
Description: aromatic trees and shrubs
Affinity For: digestive, urinary, cardiovascular, lymphatic, and nervous systems, skin, tissues, muscles, solar plexus chakra
Effects: cooling, refreshing, secretions (fruits), calming, sedative (flowers), uplifting
Properties and Uses: antibacterial, antidepressant, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, sedative, tonic, astringent, cicatrisive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
Many of the larger and more intricate species within the Rutaceae family thrive in warm tropical regions. They showcase stunning, plentiful flowers that resemble symmetrical stars and emit delightful, invigorating scents. Essential oils can be extracted from various parts of the plant, including the bark, fruit, and flowers, depending on the situation. The specific part of the plant used and the season in which it is harvested significantly influence the therapeutic properties of the resulting essential oil, making this family quite adaptable.
Different members of this family support various elements and chakras, but they all seem to influence the energy of the solar plexus chakra. This chakra emits a warm, generous light that varies in intensity among individuals. When balanced, it enhances our radiance, generosity, confidence, sociability, and overall physical vitality.
The overall therapeutic benefits of this family focus on maintaining fluid balance and warmth within the body's tissues. Oils derived from flowers tend to be cooling, refreshing, and calming, while those from fruits help regulate liquid processes and secretions. For instance, petitgrain, which is distilled from the leaves and twigs of bitter orange, acts as a sedative for the nervous system while also stimulating the intellect.
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Properties and Uses: Populus balsamifera L., commonly known as balsam poplar, is a prevalent species found in the boreal and mixedwood forests of Canada and the northern United States. Research has evaluated the cytotoxic properties of its oils against lung and colon cancer cell lines, revealing that all essential oils exhibited activity. The primary components, (+)-α-bisabolol and trans-nerolidol, were identified as partially responsible for the oil's cytotoxic effects. Notably, (+)-α-bisabolol demonstrated greater activity compared to its more common isomer, (-)-α-bisabolol, particularly against the glioma cell line.
Description: herbs, shrubs, and tress which are semiparasitic on either the roots or stems of other plants
Affinity For: digestive, genito-urinary, respiratory, and nervous systems, solar plexus chakra
Effects: balancing, calming, grounding
Properties and Uses: antiseptic, antidepressant, diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, astringent, emollient
Sandalwood holds a sacred status in India. The essential oil derived from sandalwood is rich in sesquiterpenes, which can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the brain. These sesquiterpene-rich oils, like sandalwood, are believed to access the DNA within cells and help release emotional trauma.
Sandalwood is known for its warm and inviting aroma, making it a favorite among many. It has the ability to open the mind and heart, fostering feelings of contentment and well-being. Inhale sandalwood deeply, and if it's of good quality, you may instantly feel a sense of expansion in your solar plexus chakra, enhancing your emotional state. It's truly a remarkable oil! Only patchouli and cedarwood essential oils surpass sandalwood in sesquiterpene content. Interestingly, while frankincense is renowned for its therapeutic properties linked to sesquiterpenes, it actually contains a lower percentage of these compounds compared to sandalwood, patchouli, and cedarwood.
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Properties and Uses: The Schisandraceae family, part of the Magnoliidae group, includes around 60 species found in separate regions of Southeast Asia and North America. This family is categorized into two genera: Schisandra and Kadsura. In China, there are 29 species total, with 19 belonging to Schisandra and 10 to Kadsura (Xu et al., 2008). The primary chemical constituents of this family are dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans. In addition to their well-known liver-protective properties, these compounds also demonstrate antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-HIV activities.
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Properties and Uses: The essential oils derived from plants in this family primarily consist of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and non-terpenes. These essential oils are known to exhibit a range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and insecticidal properties. This review aims to give a concise summary of the chemical makeup and biological effects of the essential oils extracted from various parts of species within the Scrophulariaceae family. Additionally, the paper highlights the therapeutic potential and presents evidence for future medicinal uses of these species.
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Properties and Uses: The Solanum L genus is the most extensive within the Solanaceae family, commonly known as nightshades, encompassing around 85 to 90 genera and between 2,500 and 3,000 species found in tropical and subtropical areas. Plants from the Solanaceae family have a long history of use in medicine, serving as insecticides (particularly against mosquito larvae), as well as having anti-infectious and antimicrobial properties.
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Properties and Uses: The extracts from this family that aromatherapists find valuable are the resinoids derived from Styrax tonkinensis and S. benzoin, commonly known as benzoin. This resinoid has properties that help relieve congestion and promote expectoration. Additionally, it aids in healing cracked and dry skin. When buying this oil, it's important to be cautious, as some international suppliers may still use benzene as a solvent, which is not allowed in Europe, and this could result in a significant amount of benzene remaining in the final product.
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Properties and Uses: Agarwood, derived from the Aquilaria species of the Thymelaeaceae family, is a highly prized aromatic wood known for its extensive use in traditional medicine, spiritual ceremonies, and cultural practices. The primary phytochemicals found in agarwood are terpenoids, particularly sesquiterpenes. For hundreds of years, terpenoids have played a significant role in traditional Chinese medicine, demonstrating a range of beneficial pharmacological effects, such as bacteriostatic, antibacterial, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, hypoglycemic, antidepressant, and more.
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Properties and Uses: The Lippia genus, belonging to the Verbenaceae family, includes around 200 species of herbs, shrubs, and small trees, many of which are known for their aromatic qualities. Limonene was identified as the most prevalent component in Lippia oils. Following limonene, the other components present in these oils, listed from most to least frequent, are p-cymene, α-pinene, camphor, β-caryophyllene, linalool, and thymol.
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Properties and Uses: The Viola genus, part of the Violaceae family, includes around 500 species found all over the globe. Various compounds have been extracted from these species, such as cyclotide alkaloids, flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives, salicylic acid, and triterpenoids. By examining traditional knowledge through pharmacological and phytochemical lenses, we may uncover new and effective therapeutic agents. This family is known for its significant medicinal herbs, which have been utilized in traditional medicine for numerous health issues, including blood purification and the treatment of bruises and ulcers. In Chinese medicine, it is also recommended for addressing cancer-related conditions. Traditionally, Viola species are commonly used to treat coughs, colds, flu, fevers, and malaria, and they are also recognized for their anticancer properties. This article aims to gather and document information on the pharmacological characteristics of Viola species, emphasizing the importance of further research and their potential for development.
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Properties and Uses: Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) has been found to contain over 30 different compounds through various methods. Among these, several sesquiterpenes such as valencene, α- and β-farnesene, β-bisabolene, α-humulene, β- and δ-selinene, γ-cadinene, and nerolidol, along with 2-tridecanone and benzyl benzoate, are recognized as key contributors to the floral aroma of V. vinifera.
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Properties and Uses: Tasmanian pepper leaf is part of the Winteraceae family and can be found in the lush forests of Tasmania, Victoria, and New South Wales in Australia. This plant is notable for its rich concentration of sesquiterpene and monoterpene essential oils.
Description: rhizomatous herbs
Affinity For: digestive, endocrine, circulatory, and immune systems, muscles, bones
Effects: stimulant, warming, tonic
Properties and Uses: Analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, aphrodisiac, febrifuge. Plants from this family have been used as spices for thousands of years in India and China. References to them are found in writings from the middle ages. All members of this family have an impact on the entire body, physically through the organs and systems and energetically through the meridians and chakras. There is, however, a particularly affinity for the digestive system.
As with the mints, these essential oils can be both a stimulant and an analgesic depending on the needs of the body and the quantity of oil used. All essential oils of this family impact the base chakra and the core of our beings. These oils are extremely potent and should always be used sparingly or in a blend with other mild or stabilizing essential oils.
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Properties and Uses: A family consisting of approximately 250 species of flowering plants and trees, primarily found in the Americas, is known as Zygophyllaceae. Research on these plants has revealed that they contain the highest levels of oxygenated monoterpenes. These compounds are known for their antispasmodic, sedative, and calming effects. Additionally, they possess antimicrobial properties, serve as food preservatives, and act as natural antioxidants. Studies have also indicated that they exhibit antitumoral effects, helping to prevent cancers of the mammary glands, lungs, skin, liver, and stomach in rat models.
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